Saray pabrika na semento a singa samay nipanengneng dia et manunan lapuan na carbon dioxide ya mamapainit na klima. Balet arum ed sarayan polusyon et nayarin magmaliw ya balon klase na gasolina. Sayan asin et nayarin maligen ya isimpen ed loob na pigaran dekada odino onsulok ni.
Saya so sananey nin istorya ed serye ya onnenengneng ed saray balon teknolohiya tan kiwas ya makapatunda ed climate change, makapangibawas na epekto to, odino makatulong ed saray komunidad pian nasungdoan so maples ya manguuman ya mundo.
Saray aktibidad ya mangibubuga na carbon dioxide (CO2), sakey a kaslakan a greenhouse gas, so ontutulong ed petang na atmospera na Dalin. Aliwan balo so ideyan mangala na CO2 ed dagem tan isimpen itan. Balet ta mairap itan a gawaen, lalo la no sarag na totoo. Say balon sistema so manresolbe ed problema na polusyon na CO2 diad medyo duman paraan. Say kemikal ya mamapainit na klima et magmaliw ya gasolina.
Nen Nobyembre 15, saray researcher manlapud Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) ed Cambridge so angipalapag ed saray makatantandan resulta ra diad dyurnal ya Cell Reports Physical Science.
Say balon sistema ra et naapag ed duaran parte. Say unonan parte et say panguman ed carbon dioxide manlapud dagem pian magmaliw ya molecule ya tatawagen ya formate pian makagawa na gasolina. Singa say carbon dioxide, say formate et walaan na sakey ya carbon atom tan duaran oxygen atom, ontan met ed sakey ya hydrogen atom. Say formate et walaan met na pigaran arum nin elemento. Say balon impanaral et angusar na formate salt, ya nanlapud sodium o potassium.
Maslak ed saray fuel cell et manpapaandar ed hydrogen, sakey a gas ya mainomay ya napoolan ya kaukolan so tubo tan tangke ya walay presyon to pian naala. Balet, saray fuel cell et nayarin man-run ed formate. Say formate et walay enerhiya ton mipara ed hydrogen, unong ed si Li Ju, sakey a materials scientist ya angidaulo ed impamawala na balon sistema. Say formate et walaan na pigaran bentaha nen say hydrogen, inkuan nen Li Ju. Mas ligtas itan tan agmankaukolan na atagey a presyon na panag-imbantak.
Saray researcher ed MIT et nanggawa na fuel cell pian nasubok so formate, ya ipapaway da manlapud carbon dioxide. Unona, inlaok da so asin ed danum. Say nilaok et inloob ed sakey a fuel cell. Diad loob na fuel cell, say formate et angibulos na saray electron diad sakey a chemical reaction. Sarayan electron et onaagus manlapud negatibon electrode na fuel cell ya anggad positibon electrode, ya asumpal so sakey ya electrical circuit. Sarayan onaagus ya electron—sakey ya electrical current—et walad loob na 200 oras legan na eksperimento.
Si Zhen Zhang, sakey a materials scientist ya mankikimey ed si Li diad MIT, et positibo ya sarag na grupo to ya paaligwasen so balon teknolohiya ed loob na sakey dekada.
Say MIT research team et angusar na chemical method pian magmaliw ya manunan ingrediente so carbon dioxide parad produksyon na gasolina. Unona, inyan da itan ed solusyon ya atagey so alkaline to. Pinili ra so sodium hydroxide (NaOH), ya kaslakan ya tatawagen ya lye. Saya so mamalesa na kemikal a reaksion a mamawala na sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3), a mas kabkabat bilang baking soda.
Insan da inlukas so kuryente. Say kuryente so angigapo na balon kemikal a reaksion ya amawala na kada atomo na oksiheno ed molekula na baking soda, ya angitilak na sodium formate (NaCHO2). Say sistema ra et nanggawa na ngalngalin amin ya carbon ed CO2 — masulok ya 96 porsiento — ed sayan asin.
Say enerhiyan nakaukolan pian naekal so oksihena et akaamot ed saray kemikal a bedber na formate. Inkuan nen Propesor Li ya sarag na formate ya isimpen iyan enerhiya ed loob na pigaran dekada ya ag naandi so potensyal ya enerhiya. Insan itan mamawala na kuryente no ondalan ed fuel cell. No say kuryente ya uusaren ed panaggawa na formate et manlalapud solar, dagem odino hydroelectric power, say kuryente ya napapawala na fuel cell et magmaliw ya malinis ya lapuan na enerhiya.
Pian napalaknab so balon teknolohiya, inkuan nen Lee, "kaukolan tayon mananap na mayaman a geological resources na lye." Inaral toy sakey a klase na bato ya tatawagen ya alkali basalt (AL-kuh-lye buh-SALT). No nalaok ed danum, sarayan bato et magmaliw ya lye.
Si Farzan Kazemifar et sakey ya inhinyero ed San Jose State University diad California. Say research to et akasentro ed panagtipon na carbon dioxide ed saray asin ed silong na dalin. Say pangekal na carbon dioxide ed dagem et lanang ya mairap kanian magastos, inkuanto. Kanian makagunggona so panguman ed CO2 pian magmaliw ya nausar iran produkto a singa say formate. Say bili na produkto et makabawi ed bili na produksyon.
Dakel so research ya ginawa no panon ya naala so carbon dioxide manlapud dagem. Singa bilang, agano nin indeskribe na sakey a grupo na saray sientista ed Lehigh University so sananey a paraan pian nasalatan so carbon dioxide manlapud dagem tan pagmaliwen itan ya baking soda. Saray arum a grupo na managsukimat et mangititipon na CO2 ed saray espisyal a bato, ya ikokomberti da itan ed solidon carbon ya nayarin iproseso ed ethanol, sakey a gasolina na alak. Maslak ed sarayan proyekto et melag tan anggapo ni so baleg ya epekto ra ed pambawas na atagey ya lebel na carbon dioxide ed dagem.
Ipapanengneng na sayan litrato so sakey ya abung ya manguusar na carbon dioxide. Say kagawaan ya nipanengneng dia et manguuman ed carbon dioxide (saray molekula ed ambalanga tan amputin bula) pian magmaliw ya asin ya tatawagen ya formate (saray asul, ambalanga, amputi, tan andeket a bula). Sayan asin et nayarin usaren ed fuel cell pian makagawa na kuryente.
Inkuan nen Kazemifar ya say sankaabigan ya opsyon tayo et say “bawasan nin unona so greenhouse gas emissions.” Sakey a paraan pian nagawaan itan et say pangisaliwan ed fossil fuels na renewable energy sources a singa say dagem odino solar. Saya so kabiangan na pananguman ya tatawagen na saray sientista ya “decarbonization.” Balet inyarum to ya say pangitunda ed climate change et mankaukolan na nanduruman paraan. Sayan balon teknolohiya et nakaukolan pian naala so carbon ed saray lugar ya mairap ya decarbonize, inkuanto. Alaen iray gilingan na asero tan pabrika na semento, pian mangibaga na duaran alimbawa.
Nanengneng met na grupo na MIT iray benepisyo no ikombina so balon teknolohiya ra ed solar tan wind power. Saray tradisyonal ya baterya et ginawa pian makatipon na enerhiya ed loob na pigaran simba. Say pangisimpen na sinag na agew ed tiagew anggad panaoy ambetel odino mas andukey ni et mankaukolan na sananey a paraan. "Diad formate fuel," inkuan nen Lee, ag ka la limitado ed anggan seasonal storage. "Nayarin manlalapud henerasyon."
Nayarin ag-itan mankirlap a singa balitok, balet “makapangitilak ak na 200 tonelada... na formate ed saray anak kon lalaki tan bibii,” inkuan nen Lee, “bilang tawir.”
Alkaline: Sakey ya adjective ya mangidedeskribe ed sakey a kemikal ya manporma na hydroxide ions (OH-) ed solusyon. Sarayan solusyon et tatawagen met ya alkaline (aliwan acidic) tan walay pH da ya mas atagey nen say 7.
Aquifer: Sakey a baton pormasyon ya sarag ton pansiansiaen iray reservoir na danum ed silong na dalin. Say termino et onaplika met ed saray subsurface basin.
Basalt: Sakey ya andeket a bato ya nanlapud bolkan ya kaslakan et makapal (likud no say isabi na bolkan et angitilak na angkakabaleg iran bulsa na gas).
bond: (diad chemistry) sakey a semi-permanentin koneksion ed baetan na saray atomo (odino grupo na atomo) ed sakey a molekula. Naporma iya lapud saray puersa ya makapasagyat ed baetan na saray mibibiang ya atomo. No naporma la ray bond, saray atomo et mankimey bilang sakey a yunit. Pian nibiig iray manitibukel ya atomo, kaukolan ya iter ed saray molekula so enerhiya ya singa petang odino arum nin radiation.
Carbon: Sakey a kemikal ya elemento ya sengegan na amin a bilay ed dalin. Say carbon et bulos ya walad nengneng na graphite tan diamond. Saya so importantin kabiangan na karbon, apog, tan petrolyo, tan sarag toy man-self-associate pian manporma na nanduruman klase na molekula ya walay kemikal, biolohikal, tan komersyal a kablian to. (Diad panagsukimat ed klima) Say terminon carbon et no maminsan et uusaren ya ngalngalin mipara ed carbon dioxide pian tukoyen so posiblin epekto na sakey a kiwas, produkto, totontonen, odino proseso ed andukey a panaon na petang na atmospera.
Say carbon dioxide: (odino CO2) et sakey ya andiay kolor, andiay angob ya gas ya papawalaen na amin ya ayayep no say oxygen ya lilinawaen da et onreak ed kakanen ya dakel so carbon to. Say carbon dioxide et ompaway met no napoolan so organic matter, kaiba lay fossil fuels a singa say langis o natural gas. Say carbon dioxide et sakey a greenhouse gas ya mangaala na petang ed atmospera na dalin. Say carbon dioxide et papasimbaloen na tanaman pian magmaliw ya oxygen panamegley na photosynthesis tan uusaren da iyan proseso pian manggawa na sarili dan naakan.
Semento: Sakey a binder ya uusaren pian mankakasakey so duaran materyales, kanian onawet itan pian magmaliw a solido, odino makapal a glue ya uusaren pian mankakasakey so duaran materyales. (Construction) Sakey a pinon giniling a materyal ya uusaren pian mankakasakey so buer odino pinuter a bato pian magmaliw a semento. Say semento et kaslakan ya gagawaen bilang pulbos. Balet no nabasa la, magmaliw lan lutak ya onawet no mamagaan la.
Chemical: Sakey a substansia ya gawad duara odino masulok nin atomo ya nankasakey (bonded) ed sakey a pihon proporsyon tan istruktura. Singa bilang, say danum et sakey a kemikal ya tugyopen na duaran atomo na hydrogen ya akapeket ed sakey ya atomo na oksiheno. Say pormula na kemikal to et H2O. Say “kemikal” et nayarin usaren met bilang adhetibo pian deskribien iray kablian na sakey a substansia ya resulta na nanduruman reaksion na nanduruman compound.
Chemical bond: Sakey a puersa na pankakasakey na saray atomo ya mabiskeg a mamakiwas ed saray nankakasakey ya elemento ya mankimey bilang sakey a yunit. Wala ray atraksyon ya makapuy, arum et mabiskeg. Amin ya bonds et ompatnag ya mangikokonekta ed saray atomo diad pangibiig (odino panggugunaet ya pangibiig) na saray electron.
Chemical reaction: Sakey a proseso ya mangilalanor ed panguman na saray molekula odino istruktura na sakey a substansia imbes ya panguman na pisikal a nengneng (alimbawa, manlapud solido ya anggad gas).
Chemistry: say sanga na siensia ya manaaral ed komposisyon, istruktura, kablian, tan pidedeneng na saray substansia. Uusaren na saray sientista iyan pikakabat pian aralen iray ag-amta iran substansia, pian napawala iray mausar a substansia ed dakel a kantidad, odino pian mandesinyo tan manggawa na balo iran mausar a substansia. (na saray kemikal a compound) Say chemistry et manutukoy met ed pormula na sakey a compound, say paraan na impanggawa ed satan, odino pigara ed saray kablian to. Saray totoon mantratrabaho ed sayan lawak et tatawagen ya chemist. (diad social sciences) say abilidad na totoo ya mankoopera, mankakasakey, tan manliket ed balang sakey.
Climate change: Sakey a makabkabaliksan tan andukey a pananguman ed klima na dalin. Nayarin nagawa iya ed natural a paraan odino lapud saray aktibidad na too, kaiba lay panagpoolan na fossil fuel tan panag-alis na katakelan.
Say decarbonization: et manutukoy ed ginagalan pangiyalis ed saray makaderal a teknolohiya, aktibidad, tan lapuan na enerhiya ya mangibubuga na carbon-based greenhouse gases, a singa say carbon dioxide tan methane, ya mamaarap ed atmospera. Say get et pian nabawasan so karakel na carbon gases ya makatulong ed climate change.
Kuryenti: Say iyaagus na karga na kuryente, ya kaslakan et resulta na igalaw na saray negatibon karga ya partikulo ya tatawagen ya electron.
Electron: sakey a negatibon karga na partikulo ya kaslakan ya manliber ed paway na sakey ya atomo; sikato met so manag-awit na kuryente ed saray solido.
Inhinyero: Sakey a toon manguusar na siensia tan matematika pian naresolbe iray problema. No usaren bilang verb, say salitan engineer et manutukoy ed panagdesinyo na sakey a kagawaan, materyal, odino proseso pian naresolbe so problema odino agni nasumpal a pankaukolan.
Ethanol: Sakey ya alak, ya tatawagen met ya ethyl alcohol, ya sengegan na saray de-alkohol ya iinumen a singa say beer, alak, tan alak. Uusaren met iya bilang solvent tan gasolina (singa bilang, mabetbet ya ilalaok ed gasolina).
Filter: (n.) Sakey a bengatla ya makapalabas na pigaran materyales tan makapalabas na arum, depende ed kabaleg da odino arum nin katangian da. (v.) Say proseso na pampili na pigaran substansia base ed saray kablian a singa say kabaleg, karakel, karga, tan arum nira. (diad pisika) Sakey a screen, plato, odino layer na sakey a substansia ya mangaala na liwawa odino arum nin radiation odino mapilin mangaamper ed pigaran kabiangan to ya onlabas.
Formate: Sakey a kaslakan a termino parad saray asin odino ester na formic acid, sakey ya oxidized a klase na fatty acid. (Say ester et sakey a carbon-based compound ya naporma diad pangisaliwan ed saray hydrogen atom na pigaran asido na pigaran klase na organikon grupo. Dakel a taba tan essential oils et natural ya ester na fatty acid.)
Fossil fuel: Antokaman a gasolina, a singa say karbon, petrolyo (krudo), odino natural gas, ya aporma ed loob na minilyon a taon diad loob na dalin manlapud saray nabubulok a nakeraan na bakterya, tanaman, odino ayayep.
Gasolina: Antokaman a substansia ya mangibubuga na enerhiya panamegley na kontroladon kemikal odino nukleyar a reaksion. Saray fossil fuel (karbon, natural gas, tan langis) et kaslakan ya gasolina ya mangibubuga na enerhiya panamegley na kemikal iran reaksion no napapagaan (kaslakan et anggad punton napoolan).
Fuel cell: Sakey a kagawaan ya manguuman ed enerhiya na kemikal pian magmaliw ya enerhiya na kuryente. Say sankabaloan ya gasolina et say hydrogen, ya say resulta to labat et singa danum.
Geology: Sakey ya adhetibo ya mangidedeskribe ed amin a bengatla ya misiglaotan ed pisikal ya istruktura na Dalin, saray materyales to, awaran to, tan saray proseso ya nagagawa ed satan. Saray totoon mantratrabaho ed sayan lawak et tatawagen ya geologist.
Global warming: Say kalkalnan itatagey na temperatura na atmospera na dalin lapud greenhouse effect. Say epekto to et lapud ondarakel so carbon dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons, tan arum nin gas ed dagem, ya dakel ed saratan et manlalapud aktibidad na too.
Hydrogen: Say sankagaan ya elemento ed uniberso. Bilang gas, anggapoy kolor to, anggapoy angob to, tan mainomay ya napoolan. Saya so kabiangan na dakel a gasolina, taba, tan saray kemikal a manitibukel ed mabilay a laman. Saya so tugyopen na sakey a proton (say nucleus) tan sakey ya electron ya manliber ed satan.
Innovation: (v. to innovate; adj. to innovate) Say pananguman o pamaaligwas ed sakey ya ideya, proseso, o produkto ya wala la pian magmaliw ya mas balo, mas marunong, mas epektibo, odino mas mausar.
Lye: Say kaslakan a ngaran na solusyon na sodium hydroxide (NaOH). Say lye et mabetbet ya ilalaok ed larak na tanaman odino taba na ayep tan arum niran ingredients pian makagawa na bar soap.
Materials scientist: Sakey a managsukimat ya manaaral ed siglaotan na atomic tan molecular ya istruktura na sakey a materyal tan saray amin ya kablian to. Saray material scientist et nayarin manggawa na balon materyales odino man-analisa ed saray wala la. Say pansukimat ed amin ya kablian na sakey a materyal, a singa say inka-densidad, biskeg, tan melting point, et makatulong ed saray inhinyero tan arum niran managsukimat pian makapili na sankaabigan iran materyales parad balon aplikasyon.
Molecule: Sakey a grupo na neutral iran atomo ya mangirerepresenta ed sankamelagan a posiblin kantidad na sakey a kemikal a compound. Saray molekula et nayarin tugyopen na sakey a klase na atomo odino nanduruman klase na atomo. Singa bilang, say oxygen ed dagem et tugyopen na duaran oxygen atom (O2), tan say danum et tugyopen na duaran hydrogen atom tan sakey ya oxygen atom (H2O).
Pollutant: Sakey a substansia ya mandutak ed sakey a bengatla, singa say dagem, danum, totoo, odino kakanen. Saray arum ya pollutants et kemikal, singa saray pestisidyo. Saray arum ya polusyon et nayarin radiation, kaiba lay alablabas ya petang odino liwawa. Anggan saray dika tan arum niran onlulusob a klase na ayep et nayarin ipasen ya sakey a klase na biofouling.
Potent: Sakey ya adhetibo ya ontutukoy ed sakey a bengatla ya mabiskeg odino mabiskeg a tuloy (singa say mikrobyo, samal, tambal, odino asido).
Renewable: Sakey ya adjective ya manutukoy ed sakey a kayamanan ya nayarin salatan ya andi-anggaan (singa say danum, berdin tanaman, sinag na banwa, tan dagem). Midumaan iya ed saray ag-onkupas a kayamanan, ya limitado so suplay da tan nayarin naupot. Saray ag narerenew ya kayamanan et kaiba so langis (tan arum niran fossil fuel) odino saray matalag ya elemento tan mineral.