Antis ya inekal na saray sakit so manga 3 bilyon odino onsulok nin sakit, sayan kiew so tinmulong pian nipaalagey so sakey ya industriyalisadon Amerika. Pian nipawil so abalang dan gloria, nayarin kaukolan tayon awaten tan apigeren so kalikasan.
Nen 1989, akaawat na tawag si Herbert Darling: Walay sakey a manag-ayam ya angibaga ed sikato ya akaabet na atagey ya American chestnut tree diad lote nen Darling diad Zor Valley diad western New York. Amta nen Darling ya say kastanyas et sakey ed saray sankaimportantian a kiew ed lugar. Amta to met ya walay makapatey ya fungus ya ngalngali la mamaandi ed species ed loob na masulok ya sakey tan kapalduan siglo. Nen nadngel toy report na manag-anop nipaakar ed impakanengneng to na mabilay a kastanyas, say puon na kastanyas et duaran mitro so karukey to tan akasabi ed limaran gradon bilding, sikatoy nanduaruwa. "Agko segurado no manisia ak ya amta to no anto itan," inkuan nen Darling.
Nen aromog nen Darling so kiew, singa sikatoy onnenengneng ed sakey ya mitolohikon pigura. Inkuanto: “Diretsaan tan perpekto so panggawa na sakey ya specimen-maong itan.” Balet anengneng met nen Darling ya ompatey lay kiew. Manlapu nen kagapo na 1900, saya so tinamaan na parehon epidemya, ya akalkulan sengegan na 3 bilyon odino onsulok nin impatey lapud saratan a sakit. Saya so sankaunaan ya sakit ya nanlapud too ya manunan maneral ed saray kiew ed modernon awaran. Inisip nen Darling, no agto nasalba itan a kiew, anggan panon et isalba to ray bukel to. Wala labat so sakey a problema: anggapoy nagagawaan na kiew ta anggapoy arum ya kiew ya chestnut ya asingger ya makapangi-pollinate ed satan.
Si Darling et sakey ya inhinyero ya manguusar na paraan na inhinyero pian naresolbe iray problema. Nen tinmumbok ya Hunyo, nen saray amputin duyaw a rosas so nitaytayak ed berdin a balkonahe na kiew, pinano nen Darling so bala na shot powder, ya inala ed saray lalakin rosas na sananey a kiew a kastanyas ya naaralan to, tan linma ed amianen. Sakey tan kapalduan oras itan. Pinaltog to so kiew manlapud inabangan ton helikopter. (Wala so sakey a matalonan kompanya na konstruksion ya sarag ton bayaran so ekstravagansya.) Ag-asumpal iyan sagpot. Diad tinmumbok a taon, sinali lamet nen Darling. Diad sayan pankanawnawa, sikato tan say anak to so angiguyor ed scaffolding ya anggad saray kastanyas ed toktok na pukdol tan nanggawa na 80-foot-atagey a plataporma ed loob na masulok a duaran simba. Say inad-arok et tinmatdang ed canopy tan kinuskos to ray rosas ya singa ulod ed sananey a kiew na kastanyas.
Diad saman ya tiagew, saray sanga na kiew nen Darling et nanbunga na saray burr ya asakbongan na berdin sabisabit. Sarayan sabisabit et makapal tan matadem kanian nayarin ipasen ya cacti iratan. Aliwan atagey so ani, walay manga 100 ya nuts, balet wala ray intanem nen Darling tan walay ilalo to. Sika tan say sakey a kaaro to et kinontak da met si Charles Maynard tan William Powell, duaran geneticist na kiew ed State University of New York School of Environmental Science and Forestry diad Syracuse (inatey si Chuck tan Bill). Diad agano ni et inggapo da so sakey a proyekton panagsukimat ed kastanyas ya abeban badyet diman. Inikdan ira nen Darling na pigaran kastanyas tan tinepetan to ray sientista no sarag dan usaren iratan pian nipawil iratan. Inkuan nen Darling: “Ompatnag a saya so baleg a bengatla.” "Say interon bukig na Estados Unidos." Balet, kayari pigaran taon, inatey so mismon kiew to.
Manlapu nen ginmapon nanayam iray taga-Europa ed Amianen ya Amerika, say istorya nipaakar ed saray katakelan ed kontinente et kalkalnan naandi. Balet, say proposal nen Darling et ipapasen natan na dakel ya sakey ed saray sankaabigan ya pankanawnawan igapo so panrebisa ed istorya – nen kasakbayan na sayan taon, inyan na Templeton World Charity Foundation so proyekto nen Maynard tan Powell ya angiter na maslak ed awaran to, tan sayan sagpot so akapangiter na melag ya operasyon ya mankantidad na masulok ya $3 milyon. Saya so sankabalgan ya regalo ya inter ed unibersidad. Say research na saray geneticist et mapilit ed saray environmentalist ya arapen so ilalo ed balo tan no maminsan et agmakapaliket a paraan, ya say pangapiger ed natural a mundo et agto labay ya ibagan ompawil ed ag-aderal a Garden of Eden. Imbes, nayarin mankabaliksan itan na pangawat ed betang ya inawat tayo: say inhinyero na amin a bengatla kaiba lay kalikasan.
Saray bulong na chestnut et andukey tan walay ngipen to, tan singa ra duaran melag ya berdin lagari ya akakonekta ed sentro na utek na bulong. Diad sakey a sampot, walay duaran bulong ya akakonekta ed sakey a sanga. Diad biek a sampot, manporma iratan na matarem a nguro, a mabetbet a manpapaknol ed gilig. Sayan ag-iilaloan a kurti so onlelereg ed saray mareen a berde tan buer ed katakelan, tan say makapadinayew a panagnonot na saray manag-hike so amakiwas ed imano na totoo, a mangipanonot ed sikara ed impanbiahe ra ed katakelan a datin walaan na dakel a mabiskeg iran kiew.
Diad panamegley labat na literatura tan memorya et sigpot tayon natalosan irayan kiew. Si Lucille Griffin, executive director na American Chestnut Collaborator Foundation, so nansulat ya diman et nanengneng mo ray chestnuts ya mayaman kanian no primabera, saray creamy, linear ya rosas ed kiew et “singa saray foamy waves ya onlelereg ed gilig na pukdol”, ya mangitonton ed saray pakanodnonotan nen lolok. Diad otonyo, say kiew et onsabog lamet, diad sayan bekta et wala ray makapal a burrs ya manasakbong ed tamis to. "Nen aluto la ray kastanyas, nantipon ak na kapalduan bushel nen panaoy ambetel," insulat na sakey a mabilabilay a si Thoreau ed "Walden." "Diad saman a panaon, makapalikliket so manpasyar ed andi-anggaan a katakelan na kastanyas ed Lincoln ed saman a panaon."
Saray kastanyas et napanmatalkan a maong. Aliwan singa saray kiew ya oak ya manbubunga labat na acorn ed loob na pigaran taon, saray kiew ya chestnut et manbubunga na dakel a nut kada fall. Saray kastanyas et mainomay met ya natunaw: sarag mon ukbaran tan kanen so hilaw. (Sali yon usaren iray acorn ya dakel so tannins to-odino ag yo itan gawaen.) Amin et mangan na chestnuts: usa, squirrel, oso, manok, too. Saray dumaralos so angibulos ed saray baboy da tan ontaba ira ed katakelan. Legan na Krismas, saray tren ya napno na kastanyas et onkukurang manlapud kapalandeyan ya anggad syudad. On, talagan apoolan ira na apoy. "Ibabaga ran diad arum a lugar, mas dakel so sueldo na saray dumaralos ed panlako na kastanyas nen say arum nin produkto ed agrikultura," inkuan nen William L. Bray, say inmunan dean na eskuelaan ya nantrabahoan nen Maynard tan Powell. Insulat nen 1915. Saya so kiew na totoo, ya maslak ed saratan et ombabaleg ed katakelan.
Aliwa labat ya naakan so itatarya to. Saray kiew ya kastanyas et nayarin ontagey na 120 a mitro, tan say unonan 50 a mitro et ag nadisturbo na saray sanga odino buek. Saya so kugip na saray managtroso. Anggaman aliwan saya so sankarakpan odino sankabiskegan a kiew, maples itan ya ombaleg, lalo la no ontubo lamet kayari na panagputot tan ag-onbulok. Lapud say inkadukey na saray kurbata na riles tan saray poste na telepono et linmampas ed karakpan, tinmulong so Chestnut pian nipaalagey so sakey ya industriyalisadon Amerika. Nilibon kamalir, kabin tan simbaan ya gawad kastanyas so akaalagey ni; inkalkula na sakey ya autor nen 1915 ya saya so sankarakelan ya naputer a klase na kiew ed Estados Unidos.
Diad karaklan ed bukig-saray kiew et manlapud Mississippi ya anggad Maine, tan manlapud baybay na Atlantiko ya anggad Ilog Mississippi-saray kastanyas et sakey met ed saratan. Balet diad Appalachians, baleg itan a kiew. Binilyon a kastanyas so manaayam ed sarayan palandey.
Manepeg labat ya say Fusarium wilt et inmunan pinmatnag ed New York, ya ditan so puerta na dakel ya Amerikano. Nen 1904, walay adiskobre ya nikadkaduman impeksion ed ukis na kiew ya chestnut ya ngalngali la naandi diad Bronx Zoo. Maples ya adetermina na saray researcher ya say fungus ya sengegan na bacterial blight (ya tinawag ya Cryphonectria parasitica) et sinmabi ed saray imported ya kiew na Hapon nen 1876 ni labat. (Kaslakan et walay panaon ya ag-ontutundan inloob na sakey a klase tan say adiskobre na saray mapatnag ya problema.)
Agnambayag et inreport na totoo ed pigaran estado so ompapatey iran kiew. Nen 1906, si William A. Murrill, sakey a mycologist ed New York Botanical Garden, so angipalapag na sankaunaan ya sientipikon artikulo nipaakar ed sayan sakit. Inkuan nen Muriel ya sayan fungus so pansengegan na yellow-brown ya blister infection ed ukis na kiew ya chestnut, ya diad kaunoran et magmaliw ya malinis ed kaliberliber na puon. No saray sustansya tan danum et agla makaagus ed tagey tan leksab na saray ugat ed silong na utek, ompatey so amin ya walad tagey na death ring.
Wala ray totoon ag da naisip-odino ag da labay ya naisip na arum-so sakey a kiew ya naandi ed katakelan. Nen 1911, say Sober Paragon Chestnut Farm, sakey a kompanya na kindergarten ed Pennsylvania, so manisia a say sakit et “aglabat sakey a takot.” Abayag lan kiwawala na saray iresponsablen dyurnalista. Say farm so insara nen 1913. Duay taon lay apalabas, say Pennsylvania et angitipon na komite parad sakit na kastanyas, ya autorisadon manggastos na US$275,000 (baleg a kantidad na kuarta ed saman a panaon), tan in-anunsyo ra so sakey a pakete na pakayarin manggawa na paraan pian nalabanan iyan ot-ot, kaiba lay kanepegan a maneral ed saray kiew ed pribadon lote. Irerekomenda na saray pathologist ya ekalen so amin ya chestnut tree ya pigaran milya so kaarawi tod arap na manunan impeksion pian nawalaan na epekto ya ag napoolan. Balet ta sayan fungus et nayarin onlukso ed saray kiew ya anggapoy impeksion to, tan saray spore to et naimpektaan na dagem, manok, insekto tan totoo. Tinaynan so plano.
Nen 1940, ngalngali anggapo lay angkakabaleg ya kastanyas ya apektado. Natan, say balor na binilyon a dolyar so naandi la. Lapud ag makapambilay so fusarium wilt ed dalin, saray lamot na chestnut et mantutultuloy ya ontubo, tan masulok ya 400 milyon ed saratan so wala ni ed katakelan. Balet, say Fusarium wilt et akaromog na reservoir ed kiew ya oak ya panaayaman to ya ag akagawa na baleg a destroso ed sankaabungan to. Manlapud satan, maples itan ya onkayat ed saray balon putot na kastanyas tan ipelag to iratan ed dalin, a kaslakan et abayag ni antis iran onsabi ed yugtan na panagrosas.
Say industriya na troso et akaromog na alternatibo: oak, pine, walnut, tan ash. Say panag-tan, sakey nin manunan industriya ya mandedependi ed saray kiew na kastanyas, et inmalis ed sintetikon tanning agents. Parad dakel a mairap-bilay a dumaralos, anggapoy nepeg dan umanen: anggapo lay arum a kiew ya mangiiter ed saray dumaralos tan saray ayayep da na libre, napanmatalkan tan daakan a calories tan protina. Say chestnut blight et nayarin mamatunda ed kaslakan ya agamil na saray taga-Appalachian ya mansasakit ed sarili dan panagtanem, ya mamapasoot ed totoo ed lugar ya manggawa na malinew a pilien: onla ed minahan na karbon odino onalis. Oniay insulat na historyador a si Donald Davis nen 2005: “Lapud impatey na saray kastanyas, inatey so interon mundo, kanian naandi la ray kustombre ed panagbilay ya wala lad Appalachian Mountains ed masulok ya apatiran siglo.”
Si Powell et binmaleg ya arawi ed Appalachians tan chestnuts. Nanlingkor so ama to ed Air Force tan inmalis ed pamilya to: Indiana, Florida, Germany, tan say bukig a baybay na Maryland. Anggaman sikatoy nantrabaho ed New York, saray paliwawa to so nansiansia ed inkaprangka na Midwest tan say ag-amta balet ta naimano a panangidumaduma na Abalaten. Say simplin ugali to tan say simplin estilo na panagdait to et mankokompleto, ya walay jeans to ya singa anggapoy anggaan na plaid shirt rotation. Say paborito ton interjection et "wow".
Manplaplano si Powell ya magmaliw ya beterinaryo anggad insipan ed sikato na sakey a propesor na genetics so ilalo na balon, mas berde ya agrikultura base ed saray tanaman ya inuman so genes to ya makapawala na sarili ton pakayarin mangamper na insekto tan sakit. “Inisip ko, ay, aliwan maabig so manggawa na tanaman ya makaprotekta ed sarilim ed saray peste, tan agmo la kaukolan ya i-spray so antokaman ya pestisidyo ed sikara?” Inkuan nen Powell. "Siempre, say arum a pasen ed mundo et agmantutumbok ed parehon ideya."
Nen sinmabi si Powell ed graduate school na Utah State University nen 1983, agto la inisip. Balet, sikatoy linmoob ed laboratoryo na sakey a biologo, tan sikatoy mankikimey ed sakey a virus ya nayarin mamakapuy ed blight fungus. Say impansagpot dan usaren iyan virus et ag-ontanlan maong: ag-itan kinmayat ed sakey a kiew ya anggad sananey a kiew, kanian kaukolan ya i-customize itan parad dinosenan indibidual iran klase na fungal. Anggaman ontan, si Powell et apakiwas ed istorya na sakey a baleg a kiew ya atumba tan angiter na sientipikon solusyon ed inkagawa na makapasinagem iran lingo ya ginawa na too. Inkuanto: “Lapud makapuy ya panangasikaso ed saray lako mi ya onkukurang ed interon mundo, aksidentin akapangiloob kami na saray pathogen.” "Inisip ko: Wow, makapainteres iya. Walay tsansan ipawil itan."
Aliwan si Powell so sankaunaan ya nansagpot pian naekal iray abalang. Kayari ya alinewan ya saray American chestnuts et ag la naandi, sinali na USDA so mantanem na Chinese chestnut trees, sakey a kapinsan ya mas ag-onkupas, pian natalosan no kasin sayan klase et sarag ton salatan iray American chestnuts. Balet, saray kastanyas et maslak ya ombabaleg ed paway, tan mas singa ra kiew ya manbubunga nen saray kiew ya manbubunga. Sikaray inmabeba ed katakelan lapud saray kiew ya oak tan arum niran higanten Amerikano. Nasebel so idakel da, odino ompatey la ra. Sinali met na saray sientista ya manpabaleg na saray kastanyas a nanlapud Estados Unidos tan China, ya iilaloan dan makapawala na kiew ya walaan na positibon ugali na saratan a dua. Ag-asumpal iray sagpot na gobierno tan tinaynan iratan.
Nantrabaho si Powell ed State University of New York School of Environmental Science and Forestry, ya diman to akabat si Chuck Maynard, sakey a geneticist ya nantanem na kiew ed laboratoryo. Pigaran taon labat so apalabas, nanggawa iray sientista na sankaunaan ya genetically modified plant tissue-ya inyarum so gene ya mangiter na resistensya ed antibiotic ed tabako parad teknikal iran demonstrasyon imbes ya antokaman ya komersyal ya usar. Si Maynard (Maynard) et ginmapon nan-dabble ed balon teknolohiya, legan ton aanapen so mausar a teknolohiya ya misiglaotan ed satan. Diad saman a panaon, si Darling et walaan na pigaran bini tan sakey a angat: say pangapiger ed saray American chestnuts.
Diad loob na nilibon taon na tradisyonal iran paraan na panagpabaleg na tanaman, saray dumaralos (tan saray agano nin sientista) so nan-cross na saray klase na tanaman ya walaan na labay dan ugali. Insan, saray genes et natural ya manlalaok, tan saray totoo et manpili na maabig iran laok parad mas atagey a kalidad-mas baleg, mas mananam a prutas odino resistensya ed sakit. Kaslakan et pigaran henerasyon so kaukolan pian makapawala na sakey a produkto. Sayan proseso et matantan tan medyo makapawetwet. Inisip nen Darling no kasin sayan paraan et makapawala na kiew ya singa karakep na atap ya inkatoo to. Inkuan tod siak: “Isipen kon mas maong ni so nagawaan tayo.”
Say genetic engineering et mankabaliksan na mas baleg a panangontrol: anggano say sakey a gene et nanlapud ag-akaparaan a klase na ayep, nayarin pilien itan parad sakey a gagala tan isuksok ed genome na sananey ya organismo. (Saray organismo ya walaan na genes manlapud nanduruman species et “genetically modified.” Diad agano ni, saray scientist et nanggawa na saray teknik pian direktan na-edit so genome na saray target ya organismo.) Sayan teknolohiya et mangisisipan na agnaparaan ya inkasusto tan kapeles. Manisia si Powell ya saya so singa matukoy a tuloy parad saray American chestnuts, ya tatawagen ton “ngalngalin perpekton kiew”-mabiskeg, atagey, tan mayaman ed lapuan na tagano, a mankaukolan labat na espisipikon panangorehi: resistensya ed bacterial blight.
Onabobon ak. Inkuan to: “Kaukolan ya wala ray engineer ed negosyo tayo.” "Manlapud konstruksion ya anggad konstruksion et saya labat so sakey a klase na automation."
Inkalkula nen Powell tan Maynard ya nayarin mangala na samploran taon pian naromog iray genes ya mangiter na resistensya, manggawa na teknolohiya pian iyarum iratan ed genome na chestnut, insan ira napabaleg. "Manhuhula kami labat," inkuan nen Powell. "Anggapoy toon walaan na genes ya mangiter na resistensya ed fungal. Talagan nanlapud andi-kakanaan."
Kinmerew na suporta si Darling ed American Chestnut Foundation, sakey ya organisasyon ya anggapoy tubo to ya inletneg nen kagapo na 1980. Imbaga na lider to ed sikato ya sikatoy abalang. Sikaray komitido ed panag-hybrid tan mansiansian maalwar nipaakar ed genetic engineering, ya sengegan na isusumpa na saray environmentalist. Kanian, nanggawa si Darling na sarili ton organisasyon ya anggapoy tubo to pian pundoan so kimey ya genetic engineering. Inkuan nen Powell ya insulat na organisasyon so inmunan tseke ed si Maynard tan Powell ya mankantidad na $30,000. (Nen 1990, say nasyonal ya organisasyon so nanreporma tan inawat da so secessionist group na Darling bilang sankaunaan ya sanga na estado, balet wala ray membro to ya siansia nin manduaruwa odino sigpot ya onsusumpad genetic engineering.)
Si Maynard tan Powell et walad trabaho. Ngalngali tampol ya apaneknekan ya aliwan realistiko so kalkuladon eskedyul da. Say unonan babeng et say pannonot no panon ya mantanem na kastanyas diad laboratoryo. Sinubok nen Maynard ya inlaok iray bulong na kastanyas tan say growth hormone diad malimpek ya malimpek ya plastik ya petri dish, sakey a paraan ya uusaren pian mantanem na poplar. Ompatnag ya aliwan realistiko iya. Saray balon kiew et ag makapawala na lamot tan sanga manlapud espisyal iran selula. Inkuan nen Maynard: “Siak so sankamundoan a lider ed panagpatey na saray kiew a kastanyas.” Sakey a researcher ed University of Georgia, si Scott Merkle (Scott Merkle) so diad kaunoran et angibangat ed si Maynard no panon so onla manlapud pollination ya anggad ontumbok ya Plant chestnuts ed saray embryo diad developmental stage.
Say pananap na dugan gene-say kimey nen Powell-et apaneknekan met ya mairap. Pigaran taon ya nan-research na antibacterial compound ya base ed genes na palaka, balet ta intunda to la itan ya compound lapud natatakot ya ompan ag awaten na publiko iray kiew ya walay palaka. Nananap met na gene sumpad bacterial blight ed saray kastanyas, balet aromog ton say proteksion ed kiew et kaukolan so dakel a genes (walay aromog dan ag-onkulang ed anemiran gene). Insan nen 1997, pinmawil so sakey a katrabahok manlapud sakey a miting na saray siensia tan inlista to so sakey a abstract tan presentasyon. Insulat nen Powell so sakey a titulo ya say titulo to et "Say pangibalikas na oxalate oxidase ed saray transgenic a tanaman et mangiiter na resistensya ed oxalate tan oxalate-producing fungi". Diad research to nipaakar ed virus, amta nen Powell ya say wilt fungi et mangibubuga na oxalic acid pian napatey so ukis na chestnut tan mainomay ya natunaw. Atalosan nen Powell ya no say chestnut et makapawala na sarili ton oxalate oxidase (sakey ya espisyal ya protina ya makaderal na oxalate), nayarin sarag ton idepensa so sarili to. Inkuan to: “Saman so Eureka moment ko.”
Napatnagan ya dakel a tanaman so walaan na gene ya mamapawala ed sikara na oxalate oxidase. Manlapud managsukimat ya angiter na paliwawa, akaawat si Powell na sakey a klase na trigo. Say graduate student ya si Linda Polin McGuigan so amaaligwas ed teknolohiya na “gene gun” pian nilukas iray gene ed saray embryo na chestnut, ya iilaloan ton niloob itan ed DNA na embryo. Say gene et temporaryon nansiansia ed embryo, balet ta naandi. Tinaynan na research team iyan paraan tan inmalis ira ed sakey a bakterya ya abayag lan nanggawa na paraan na panag-snip na DNA na arum ya organismo tan pangiyan na genes da. Diad kalikasan, saray mikroorganismo et mangaarum na genes ya mamasoot ed host ya manggawa na naakan ya parad bakterya. Inlusob na saray geneticist iyan bakterya pian makapangiloob na antokaman ya gene ya labay na scientist. Si McGuigan et akagamor na abilidad ya napanmatalkan ya mangiyarum na genes na trigo tan marker proteins ed saray embryo na chestnut. No say protina et i-irradiate ed silong na mikroskopyo, say protina et mangipaway na berdin liwawa, ya mangipapanengneng ya matalona so insertion. (Say grupo so maples ya tinmunda ed pangusar na marker proteins-anggapoy malabay na kiew ya makapansinag.) Tinawag nen Maynard so paraan ya “say sanka-elegante a bengatla ed mundo.”
Diad inlabas na panaon, si Maynard tan Powell so nanggawa na chestnut assembly line, ya natan et onnatnat ed pigaran grado na sakey a marakdakep a 1960s a brick-and-mortar forestry research building, ontan met ed mankirlap a balon pasilidad ya “Biotech Accelerator” ya walad paway na eskuelaan. Say proseso et unonan mangilaktip ed pampili na saray embryo ya ontubo manlapud parehon genes (maslak ed saray embryo ya ginawa ed lab et ag da gagawaen iya, kanian anggapoy kakanaan na panggawa na clone) tan pangiyan na saray gene na trigo. Saray embryonic cells, singa say agar, et singa pudding ya substansya ya inala ed algae. Pian magmaliw ya kiew so embryo, inyarum na saray researcher so growth hormone. Nilasus ya singa cube ya plastik ya pananginan ya walay angkekelag ya kiew ya chestnut ya anggapoy lamot to et nayarin iiyan ed sakey ya estante diad silong na mabiskeg ya fluorescent lamp. Diad kaunoran, inyan na saray sientista so rooting hormone, intanem da ray orihinal a kiew da ed saray banga ya napno na dalin, tan inyan da iratan ed growth chamber ya kontrolado so temperatura to. Agpankelawan no akin ya saray kiew ed laboratoryo et walad makapuy a kipapasen ed paway. Kanian, impares iratan na saray researcher ed saray atap ya kiew pian makapawala na mas malet balet ta siansia nin ag-onkukurang iran specimen parad field testing.
Duaran tiagew so apalabas, impanengneng ed siak nen Hannah Pilkey, sakey ya graduate student ed laboratoryo nen Powell, no panon ya gawaen iya. Intanem to so fungus ya pansengegan na bacterial blight diad melag ya plastic ya petri dish. Diad sayan akasara ya porma, say pale orange ya pathogen et singa ag makaderal tan ngalngali marakep. Mairap ya isipen ya saya so sengegan na dakel ya ipapatey tan kadederal.
Say giraffe ya walad dalin et tinmalimukor ed dalin, inmarkaan toy limaran milimetron parte na melag a kiew, nanggawa na taloran eksakton insisyon panamegley na scalpel, tan inyan toy blight ed sugat. Inseal to iratan na sakey a piraso na plastik a pelikula. Inkuan to: “Singa itan band-aid.” Lapud saya et sakey ya ag-ontutundan “kontrol” a kiew, iilaloan ton say impeksion ya orange et maples ya onkayat manlapud pasen ya inoculation tan diad kaunoran et naliberan to ray angkekelag a sanga. Impanengneng tod siak so pigaran kiew ya walay genes na trigo ya dati to lan tinambal. Say impeksion et limitado labat ed sugat, a singa say manipis ya orange iran bibil ya asingger ed melag a sangi.
Nen 2013, in-anunsyo nen Maynard tan Powell so itatalona ra ed Transgenic Research: 109 taon kayari na adiskobre na American chestnut disease, nanggawa ira na singa self-defense Trees, anggano naataki ira na baleg a dosis na wilting fungi. Bilang panangigalang ed sankaunaan tan sankamabunlok ya nandonasyon da, sikatoy angipundo na manga $250,000, tan saray researcher et nginaranan da ray kiew ed ngaran to. Saya so tatawagen ya Darling 58.
Say tinaon a miting na New York Chapter na American Chestnut Foundation et ginawa ed sakey a simplin hotel ed paway na New Paltz nen mauran ya Sabado nen Oktubre 2018. Manga 50 a totoo so nantitipon. Sayan miting et sakey a miting nipaakar ed siensia tan sakey a miting nipaakar ed panagsaliw na kastanyas. Diad beneg na melag a kuarton pantitiponan, saray membro so nansaliw na Ziploc bags ya napno na nuts. Sayan miting so sankaunaan ya pankanawnawa ed loob na 28 taon ya ag inmatendi si Darling odino si Maynard. Saray problema ed bunigas so amaarawi ed sikaran dua. "Abayag mi lan gagawaen iya, tan ngalngalin kada taon et mansasalita kami parad saray inaatey," inkuan nen Allen Nichols, say presidente na club, ed siak. Anggaman ontan, say liknaan et siansia nin positibo: say kiew ya inuman so genes to et akapasa na dakel a taon na mairap iran subok ed kaligenan tan inkaepektibo.
Saray membro na chapter so angiter na detalyadon introduksion ed kipapasen na kada angkakabaleg a kiew na kastanyas ya manaayam ed New York State. Impaamta nen Pilkey tan arum niran graduate students no panon so mantipon tan mangisimpen na pollen, no panon so mantanem na chestnuts ed silong na silew ed loob na abung, tan no panon ya panoen so dalin na blight infection pian naparukey so bilay na kiew. Saray totoon walay cashew chested, ya dakel ed sikara et man-pollinate tan manpapabaleg na sarili dan kiew, so nantepet ed saray kalangweran ya sientista.
Inmalagey si Bowell ed datal, ya akasulong na singa aliwan opisyal ya unipormi parad sayan kapitulo: sakey a kamiseta ya walay beklew to ya akasulong ed maong ya maong. Say pansagpot to ya walay sakey a kanonotan to-sakey a talomplon taon ya karera ya inorganisa ed kalat nen Herb Darling ya makagamor lamet na chestnuts-et matalag ed saray akademikon sientista, ya mas mabetbet ya manggagawa na research ed loob na limay taon ya funding cycle, insan saray maabig ya resulta et iter ed arum pian nakomersyalisa. Oniay imbaga ed siak nen Don Leopold, sakey a katrabahok ed Environmental Science and Forestry Department nen Powell: “Sikatoy maimano tan disiplinado.” “Isusulong to ray kurtina. Agto nadisturbo ed dakel niran bengatla. Nen inmaligwas so panagsukimat, saray administrador na State University of New York (SUNY) so kinontak ed sikato tan kinmerew na patent parad kiew to pian nagunggonaan so unibersidad ed satan, balet ag-inmabuloy si Powell. Inkuanto ya saray genetically modified ya kiew et singa saray primitibon chestnuts tan manlilingkor ed saray totoon Powell ed sayan kuarto.
Balet pinasakbayan to ra: Kayari na impakatalona ed maslak ed saray teknikal a babeng, saray kiew ya inuman so genes da et nayarin mangarap la natan ed sankabalgan ya angat: say gobierno na E.U. Pigaran simba lay apalabas, angisumite si Powell na ngalngalin 3,000 a pahina na file ed Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service na US Department of Agriculture, ya responsable ed pangiyaaproba ed saray genetically modified ya tanaman. Saya so gapoan na proseso na panangabobon na ahensia: repasoen so aplikasyon, kerewen so komento na publiko, manggawa na environmental impact statement, kerewen lamet so komento na publiko tan manggawa na desisyon. Sayan kimey et nayarin mangala na pigaran taon. No anggapoy desisyon, nayarin ontunda so proyekto. (Agni alukasan so unonan panaon na komento na publiko.)
Saray researcher et manplaplanon mangisumite na arum nin petisyon ed Food and Drug Administration pian na-check da so kaligenan na kakanen na saray genetically modified nuts, tan say Environmental Protection Agency et manrepaso ed epekto na sayan kiew ed kaliberliber unong ed Federal Pesticide Law, ya kaukolan parad amin ya genetically modified ya tanaman. biolohikal. "Mas komplikado iya nen say siensia!" inkuan na sakey ed saray dumerengel.
"On." Inmabobon si Powell. “Makapainteres so siensia. Makapadismaya itan.” (Inkuan tod siak ed saginonor: “Say panangasikaso na taloran nanduruman ahensia et alablabas. Talagan mamapatey itan ed pananguman ed proteksion na kaliberliber.”)
Pian napaneknekan ya ligtas so kiew da, nanggawa na nanduruman test so grupo nen Powell. Inikdan da na oxalate oxidase so pollen na saray buyog. Sinukat da so itatakken na saray makagunggonan fungi ed dalin. Intilak da ray bulong ed danum tan inimbestigaan da so impluensya ra ed t. Anggapoy anengneng ya makapuy ya epekto ed anggan dinan ed saray impanaral-diad tua, say performance na genetically modified diet et mas maong nen say bulong na arum ya ag-inuman ya kiew. Impawit na saray sientista iray nuts ed Oak Ridge National Laboratory tan arum niran laboratoryo ed Tennessee pian analisaen, tan anggapoy aromog dan pandumaan ed saray nuts ya nanlapud ag-inuman iran kiew.
Saray resulta et nayarin mamaseguro ed saray regulator. Siguradon ag da napaliket iray aktibista ya onsusumpad GMOs. Si John Dougherty, sakey a retiradon sientista manlapud Monsanto, so angiter na serbisyo ed panagkonsulta ed si Powell ya libre. Tinawag to irayan kalaban ya “oposisyon.” Diad loob na pigaran dekada, saray organisasyon ya mangaasikaso ed kaliberliber so mangipapasakbay ya say pangiyalis na genes ed baetan na arawin kanayon na saray klase na ayep et walaan na ag-iilaloan iran pansumpalan, a singa say pakawala na “super weed” ya onlampas ed natural iran tanaman, odino pangiloob na saray dayon gene ya nayarin pansengegan na host Say posibilidad na makaderal iran mutation ed DNA na saray klase na ayep. Napapagaan met ira ya manguusar na genetic engineering iray kompanya pian makala na patent tan nakontrol iray organismo.
Diad kaplesan, inkuan nen Powell ya anggapoy direktan naawat ton kuarta manlapud saray lapuan na industriya, tan inpilit ton say donasyon na pundo ed laboratoryo et “ag-akabit.” Balet, si Brenda Jo McManama, say organizer na sakey ya organisasyon ya tatawagen ya “Indigenous Environmental Network”, so angipabitar na sakey a paknaan nen 2010 ya ditan et inikdan na Monsanto so Chestnut Foundation tan say partner agency ton New York The chapter ya angiyabuloy na duaran genetic modification patents. (Inkuan nen Powell ya saray kontribusyon na industriya, kaiba lay Monsanto, et mankantidad na kulang ya 4% na dagup na work capital to.) Suspetsaen nen McManama ya say Monsanto (ya inala na Bayer nen 2018) et masekreton manaanap na patent diad panuporta ed ompatnag ya arapen ya iteration na kiew. Agmakasarilin proyekto. “Say Monsan et mauges,” so prangkan inkuan to.
Inkuan nen Powell ya say patent ed 2010 ya paknaan et anampot la, tan diad impangipaamta tod saray detalye na kiew to ed scientific literature, aseguro ton ag nayarin patenten so kiew. Balet amoria ton agto naekal so amin a kapagaan. Inkuanto, "Amtak ya walay mangibaga ya paon ka labat parad Monsanto." "Antoy nagawaan mo? Anggapoy nagawaan mo."
Manga limay taon lay apalabas, inkonklusyon na saray lider na American Chestnut Foundation ya agda nadampot iray kalat da diad panamegley labat na hybridization, kanian inawat da so programa nen Powell nipaakar ed genetic engineering. Sayan desisyon so sengegan na pigaran agpantatalosan. Nen Marso 2019, say presidente na Massachusetts-Rhode Island Chapter na Foundation, si Lois Breault-Melican, so nan-resign, lapud Global Justice Ecology Project (Global Justice Project), sakey ya organisasyon ya onsusumpad gene engineering ya walad Buffalo. Justice Ecology Project) ya argumento; say asawa ton si Denis Melican et tinmaynan met ed board. Inkuan nen Dennis ed siak ya say sanasawa et lalon napapagaan ya ompan say kastanyas nen Powell et sakey a “Trojan horse”, ya angitarya na dalan parad arum nin komersyal iran kiew ya napalaknab panamegley na genetic engineering.
Si Susan Offutt, sakey ya agricultural economist, so manlilingkor bilang chairman na National Academy of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine Committee, ya nanggawa na research nipaakar ed biotechnology na katakelan nen 2018. Impabitar to ya say proseso na regulasyon na gobierno et akasentro ed maimpis ya isyu na biolohikal iran peligro, tan ngalngali agton balot inkonsidera iray mas malaknab a kapagaan ed sosyedad, a singa saramay anti-GO activists. "Antoy kablian na katakelan?" so intepet to, bilang alimbawa na problema, say proseso et ag-aresolbe. "Wala kasi ray merito na saray katakelan? Wala kasi so moral ya obligasyon tayon ikonsidera iya no manggagawa tayoy desisyon nipaakar ed interbensyon?"
Maslak ed saray sientista ya akatongtong ko et anggapoy rason dan manpaga ed saray kiew nen Powell, lapud say katakelan et aderal: panagtroso, panagmina, panagpaalagey, tan agnaparaan ya karakel na insekto tan sakit ya maneral ed saray kiew. Diad saratan, say chestnut wilt et apaneknekan ya sakey a seremonya na pangilukas. "Lanang kamin mangiiter na balon kompleton organismo," inkuan nen Gary Lovett, sakey ya forest ecologist diad Cary Ecosystem Institute diad Millbrook, New York. "Say epekto na saray genetically modified chestnuts et mas melag."
Si Donald Waller, sakey ya forest ecologist ya agano nin nanretiro ed University of Wisconsin-Madison, so linma ni. Inkuan tod siak: “Diad sakey a dapag, ipaparungtal ko so daiset a balanse ed baetan na peligro tan gunggona. Diad biek a dapag, lanang ko labat ya iisipen so ulok parad saray peligro.” Sayan kiew ya inuman so genes to et nayarin mameligro ed katakelan. Diad pidumaan, “say pahina ed leksab na premyo et napno na tinta.” Inkuanto ya say kastanyas ya ag-onkupas so manalo ed sayan nalalabanan a katakelan. Kaukolan na totoo so ilalo. Kaukolan na totoo iray simbolo. ”
Si Powell et kalmado, balet saray manduaruwa ed genetic engineering et nayarin nabigla ed sikato. Inkuan to: “Anggapoy kabaliksan na saratan ed siak.” “Aliwan nibase iratan ed siensia.” No saray engineer et manggagawa na mas marakep iran kotse o smartphone, anggapoy manrereklamo, kanian labay ton naamtaan no antoy problema ed mas marakep so desinyo na kiew. "Saya so sakey a kagawaan ya makatulong," inkuan nen Powell. "Akin et ibabaga yon ag tayo nayarin usaren yan kagawaan? Sarag tayon usaren so Phillips screwdriver, balet aliwan normal ya screwdriver, tan ontan met?"
Nen kagapo na Oktubre 2018, inibaan ko si Powell ed sakey ya mild field station diad abalaten na Syracuse. Iilaloan ton ombaleg so arapen na klase na kastanyas ed Amerika. Ngalngali anggapoy totoo ed satan a pasen, tan sakey iya ed saray pigaran pasen ya nayarin ombaleg iray kiew. Saray atagey a plantasyon na pine tan larch, ya resulta na abayag lan ag-intundan research project, et onkiling ed bukig, ya arawi ed onkukurang a dagem, kanian medyo makapataktakot so liknaan na lugar.
Say researcher ya si Andrew Newhouse ed laboratoryo nen Powell et mankikimey la ed sakey ed saray sankaabigan ya kiew parad saray sientista, sakey ya wild chestnut a nanlapud abalaten na Virginia. Say kiew et manga 25 a piye so katagey to tan ombabaleg ed sakey a chestnut orchard ya akapaliberan na 10-piye ya atagey ya alad na usa. Say bag na eskuelaan et akasinger ed sampot na pigaran sanga na kiew. Inpaliwawa nen Newhouse ya say loob na plastic bag et akakulong ed Darling 58 pollen ya in-apply na saray scientist nen Hunyo, bangta say paway ya metal mesh bag et ag-ontubo iray squirrel. Say interon setup et walad silong na malet ya panangasikaso na United States Department of Agriculture; antis ya deregulation, kaukolan ya i-isolate so pollen o nuts manlapud kiew ya walay genetically added genes to ed alad odino diad laboratoryo na researcher.
Inmaniobra nen Newhouse iray retractable pruning shears ed saray sanga. Diad impanuyos to panamegley na lubir, abuyak so tarem tan naplag so bag. Maples ya inmalis si Newhouse ed onsublay ya aka-bag ya sanga tan inulit to so proseso. Inala nen Powell iray naplag a bag tan inyan to iratan ed baleg a plastik a bag na basura, a singa panag-awit na biohazardous iran materyales.
Kayari na impawil da ed laboratoryo, inkalbo nen Newhouse tan Hannah Pilkey so bag tan tampol dan inala iray brown nuts ed saray berdin burrs. Ialwar dan ag-onloob iray sabisabit ed baog, ya sakey a peligro ed trabaho diad panagsukimat ed kastanyas. Nensaman, labalabay da so amin ya mablin genetically modified nuts. Diad sayan pankanawnawa, dakel la ra: masulok ya 1,000. "Manggagawa itayon amin na maliket iran angkekelag a sayaw," inkuan nen Pirkey.
Diad saman ya ngarem, inawit nen Powell iray kastanyas ed opisina nen Neil Patterson diad lobby. Indigenous Peoples Day ed saman (Columbus Day), tan si Patterson, Assistant Director na Center for Indigenous Peoples and the Environment na ESF, et pinmawil la manlapud kakapat na campus, ya diman to indaulo so demonstrasyon na kakanen na saray katutubo. Say duaran anak to tan say akulaw to et manlalaro ed computer diad opisina. Amin et nan-ukis tan angan na nuts. "Medyo berde ni ra," inkuan nen Powell ya maermen.
Say regalo nen Powell et dakel so gagala to. Manbubunog na bukel, ya iilaloan ton usaren so network nen Patterson pian makapangitanem na kastanyas ed balo iran lugar, ya ditan et makaawat ira na genetically modified pollen diad loob na pigaran taon. Sikatoy akibiang met ed marundunong a diplomasya na chestnut.
Nen inala nen Patterson so ESF nen 2014, naamtaan ton man-eeksperimento si Powell ed saray kiew ya in-engineer so genes da, ya pigaran milya labat so kaarawi tod Onondaga Nation Resident Territory. Say unor et walad katakelan ya pigaran milya ed abalaten na Syracuse. Amoria nen Patterson ya no ontalona so proyekto, saray gene ya ag makalaban ed sakit et onloob ed dalin tan man-cross ed saray nakekeraan ya kastanyas diman, kanian nauman so katakelan ya importante ed pakabidbiran nen Onodaga. Nadngelan to met iray kapagaan ya mamapakiwas ed saray aktibista, kaiba lay pigara ed saray katutubo, ya onkontra ed saray organismo ya inuman so genes da ed arum a pasen. Singa bilang, nen 2015, insebel na tribu na Yurok iray reserbasyon na GMO ed Northern California lapud kapagaan ed posibilidad ya nakontamina iray tanaman da tan say panagsigay da na salmon.
“Amoriak ya agawa iya ed sikami dia; nepeg ya anggan panon et walay tongtongan tayo,” so inkuan nen Patterson ed siak. Diad miting na Environmental Protection Agency nen 2015 ya ginawa na ESF, si Powell so angiter na maong ya paliwawa ed saray membro na katutubo ed New York. Kayari na paliwawa, anonotan nen Patterson ya inkuan na pigaran lider: “Nepeg itayon mantanem na kiew!” Say inkaseseg da so amabigla ed si Patterson. Inkuan to: “Agko itan inilaloan.”
Balet, diad saginonor iran tongtongan et anengneng ya pigpigara ed sikara so talagan makanonot ed betang na kiew a kastanyas ed tradisyonal a kultura to. Say tinmumbok ya impansukimat nen Patterson et angibaga ed sikato ya diad panaon ya nagagawa so gulo ed sosyedad tan say inkaderal na ekolohiya, say gobierno na Estados Unidos et mangipapaakseb na malaknab a plano na puersaan ya demobilization tan asimilasyon, tan sinmabi lay epidemya. Singa met ed dakel niran bengatla, say lokal a kultura na kastanyas ed lugar so naandi la. Nalmoan met nen Patterson ya manduruma so panmoria ed genetic engineering. Say manggagawa na lacrosse stick na Onoda ya si Alfie Jacques et labalabay toy manggawa na stick manlapud chestnut wood tan susuportaan toy proyekto. Iisipen na arum ya baleg so peligro kanian kontraen da ray kiew.
Natatalosan nen Patterson irayan duaran posisyon. Diad agano ni et inkuan tod siak: “Singa itan cellphone tan say anak ko.” Inturo to ya say anak to et onsesempet la manlapud eskuelaan lapud say coronavirus pandemic. "Sakey ya agew et nansagpot ak; pian mansiansian mitongtong ira, manaaral ira. Diad ontumbok ya agew, singa, ekalen tayo iratan a bengatla." Balet ta dakel lan taon ya impitongtong tod si Powell so amakapuy ed panduaruwa to. Ag-abayag, naamtaan to ya say kaslakan ya ilalak na 58 ya kiew ya Darling et walaan na saray inloob ya genes, ya mankabaliksan ya saray orihinal ya wild chestnuts et mantultuloy ya ombaleg ed katakelan. Inkuan nen Patterson ya saya so amawala na baleg a problema.
Nen imbisita mi nen Oktubre, imbaga tod siak ya say rason no akin ya agto sigpot ya nasuportaan so proyekto na GM et lapud agto amta no kasin iyaansakit nen Powell iray totoon mibabali ed kiew odino say kiew. "Agko amta no antoy walad sikato," inkuan nen Patterson, ya tinapik toy pagew to. Inkuanto ya no nipawil labat so siglaotan na too tan kastanyas, kaukolan ya nabawi iyan kiew.
Diad sayan gagala, inkuan ton plano ton usaren iray mani ya inter nen Powell ed sikato pian manggawa na chestnut pudding tan larak. Iyakar to irayan putahe ed teritorya na Onondaga tan imbitaan to ray totoo ya nadiskobre lamet iray kadaanan ya larak da. Inkuan to: “Ilaloan ko, singa ka labat mangibano ed datin kaaro. Kaukolan mo labat ya onlugan ed bus manlapud samay tinmundaan mo nen imbeneg.”
Si Powell so akaawat na $3.2 milyon a regalo manlapud Templeton World Charity Foundation nen Enero, ya mangiter na pankanawnawa ed si Powell ya ontuloy legan ton dadalanen iray regulatory agencies tan palaknaben toy pokus to ed panagsukimat manlapud genetics anggad aktual a katuaan na interon landscape repair. No ikdan na gobierno na bendisyon, si Powell tan saray sientista na American Chestnut Foundation et onggapon mangiter na abuloyan ya ontubo itan. Say pollen tan saray ekstran genes to et ipuyok odino i-brush ed saray manaalagar ya pananginan na arum a kiew, tan say kapalaran na saray genetically modified chestnuts et nagawa ya independente ed kontroladon eksperimenton kaliberliber. No ipasen ya say gene et nayarin napansiansia ed uma tan diad laboratoryo, ag segurado iya, tan onkayat itan ed katakelan-saya so punto ed ekolohiya ya labay na saray sientista balet ta tatakotan na saray radikal.
Kayari na sakey a kiew na kastanyas ya akarelaks, sarag mo kasin saliwen so sakey? On, inkuan nen Newhouse, ontan so plano. Saray managsukimat et tinepetan kada simba no kapigan so pakawalaan na saray kiew.
Diad mundon panaayaman di Powell, Newhouse tan saray kakaiba to, mainomay ya nalikna ya say interon bansa et manaalagar ed kiew da. Balet, say panagmaneho na antikey a distansya ya mamabukig manlapud research farm ya ondalan ed sentro na Syracuse et mangipanonot no panon kabaleg so pananguman ed kaliberliber tan sosyedad manlapu la nen naandi iray American chestnuts. Say Chestnut Heights Drive et walad melag a baley ed bokig na Syracuse. Saya so ordinaryon karsada a panaayaman a walaan na malapar iran dalanan, malinis iran dika, tan sagpaminsan et saray angkekelag a dekorasyon a kiew a walad arap na sular. . Say kompanya na troso et agto kaukolan so pangipawil ed saray kastanyas. Say self-sufficient ya ekonomya na agrikultura ya base ed saray kastanyas et sigpot lan naandi. Ngalngalin anggapoy makaala na malambot tan masamit iran nuts manlapud alablabas ya malet iran burrs. Nayarin ag-amta na maslak a totoo ya anggapoy kulang ed katakelan.
Tinmunda ak tan nanpiknik ak ed gilig na Lake Onondaga diad silong na baleg ya white ash tree. Say kiew et apektado na saray maliwliwawan berde ya abuek ya borer. Nanengneng ko ray abut ya ginawa na saray insekto ed ukis na kiew. Onggapo lan naandi so bulong to tan nayarin ompatey tan onkapuy kayari na pigaran taon. Pian makasabi ak dia manlapud abung ko ed Maryland, linmabas ak ed nilibon inaatey iran kiew ya ash, ya saray sanga na pitchfork ya anggapoy kawes to et ontatagey ed gilig na karsada.
Diad Appalachia, say kompanya et nan-scrape na saray kiew ed mas baleg a lugar na Bitlahua pian makala na karbon ed leksab. Say puso na bansan karbon et mipara ed puso na datin bansan kastanyas. Say American Chestnut Foundation et akikimey ed saray organisasyon ya nantanem na kiew ed saray abalang ya minahan na karbon, tan saray kiew na chestnut et ombabaleg la natan ed nilibon acre na dalin ya apektado na kalamidad. Sarayan kiew et kabiangan labat na saray hybrid ya ag-onkulang ed bacterial blight, balet nayarin magmaliw iran kabaliksan na balon henerasyon na kiew ya diad sakey ya agew et makakompetensia ed saray higanten katakelan nensaman.
Nen imbeneg a Mayo, say konsentrasyon na carbon dioxide ed atmospera et akasabi ed 414.8 parts per million diad primeron pankanawnawa. Singa arum ya kiew, say belat na American chestnuts ya aliwan danum et manga kapaldua na carbon. Pigpigara labat so nayarin itanem ed sakey a dalin ya mas maples ya makasepsep na carbon manlapud dagem nen say ombabaleg a kiew ya kastanyas. Diad pannonot ed saya, insuheri na sakey ya artikulon nipalapag ed Wall Street Journal nen imbeneg a taon, “Manggawa tayo na sananey a panagtanem na kastanyas.”